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What is Chlamydia?
Chlamydia is the most commonly diagnosed bacterial sexually transmitted infection in the UK. Caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis, it primarily affects the genital tract but can also infect the throat and rectum. The biggest concern with chlamydia is that most infections are asymptomatic, allowing the bacteria to cause silent damage to the reproductive system.
Symptoms
- Most people (70% women, 50% men) have NO symptoms
- Unusual discharge from vagina, penis, or rectum
- Burning or pain when urinating
- Pain during sex (women)
- Bleeding after sex or between periods (women)
- Testicular pain or swelling (men)
- Lower abdominal pain
- Rectal pain, discharge, or bleeding
Causes
- Infection with Chlamydia trachomatis bacteria
- Transmitted through unprotected vaginal, anal, or oral sex
- Can be passed from mother to baby during birth
- Sharing sex toys without proper cleaning/protection
- NOT spread through casual contact, toilet seats, or swimming pools
Who Is at Risk?
- Sexually active under 25s (highest rates)
- Anyone with a new sexual partner
- People with multiple partners
- Those not using condoms consistently
- People whose partner has chlamydia
- Those with a history of STIs
Potential Complications
- Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) in women
- Infertility in both men and women
- Ectopic pregnancy
- Epididymitis in men
- Reactive arthritis
- Increased HIV transmission risk
- Neonatal conjunctivitis and pneumonia
How We Diagnose
Chlamydia is diagnosed using nucleic acid amplification tests (NAAT/PCR), which are highly accurate. Testing involves a urine sample for men, or a vaginal swab for women (which can be self-collected). Throat and rectal swabs are taken if indicated by sexual history. Results are typically available within 2 days.
Treatment Options
Chlamydia is easily cured with antibiotics. The standard treatment is either a single dose of azithromycin or a week-long course of doxycycline. Doxycycline is now preferred due to slightly higher cure rates. You should avoid sex for 7 days after treatment and until your partner has also been treated. A test of cure may be recommended in certain situations.
Prevention
Frequently Asked Questions
Can chlamydia go away on its own?
While some infections may eventually clear, you cannot rely on this. Untreated chlamydia can persist for months or years, causing ongoing damage to your reproductive system. Treatment is quick, easy, and essential.
How long can you have chlamydia without knowing?
You can have chlamydia for months or even years without any symptoms. This is why regular testing is so important. The longer an infection goes untreated, the greater the risk of complications like PID and infertility.
Can I get chlamydia again after treatment?
Yes. Treatment cures your current infection but doesn't provide immunity. You can be reinfected if exposed again. This is common if partners aren't treated simultaneously. About 1 in 5 people get reinfected within a few months.
Should I tell past partners?
Yes, it's important to notify recent sexual partners (ideally from the last 6 months) so they can get tested and treated. This prevents them passing it to others and reduces your risk of reinfection. We can help with anonymous partner notification.
Related Articles
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When a partner tests positive for an STI, knowing which specific screen to book can feel overwhelming. Learn which tests are most appropriate based on the infection identified and your exposure history.
The Importance of Extragenital Testing: Throat and Rectal Swabs Explained
Standard STI screening typically focuses on genital samples, but infections such as chlamydia and gonorrhoea can also occur in the throat and rectum. Extragenital testing using throat and rectal swabs helps ensure these infections are not missed.
Hepatitis B & C Screening: Who Should Include These in Their STI Profile?
Hepatitis B and C are viral infections that affect the liver and can be transmitted sexually or through blood-to-blood contact. Many individuals carry these infections without symptoms, making screening an important consideration for certain groups.
Concerned About Chlamydia?
Book a confidential consultation or STI test at our South Kensington clinic. Walk-in appointments available.



