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What is Genital Warts?
Genital warts are one of the most common sexually transmitted infections, caused by certain types of human papillomavirus (HPV), primarily types 6 and 11. These are classified as 'low-risk' HPV types because they don't cause cancer. Warts appear as small fleshy growths around the genitals or anus and, while not dangerous, can cause significant distress and discomfort.
Symptoms
- Small flesh-coloured or grey growths
- Single warts or clusters (cauliflower-like)
- Located on vulva, vagina, cervix, penis, scrotum, or anus
- May appear on thighs or in the mouth (rare)
- Often painless
- May cause itching
- Bleeding during sex (if internal warts)
- Can take weeks to months to appear after exposure
Causes
- Human papillomavirus (HPV) types 6 and 11 (90% of cases)
- Spread through skin-to-skin sexual contact
- Can be transmitted even without visible warts
- Vaginal, anal, and oral sex can all transmit HPV
- Very rarely transmitted through non-sexual routes
- Condoms reduce but don't eliminate transmission risk
Who Is at Risk?
- Sexually active individuals
- Those with multiple partners
- People not vaccinated against HPV
- Those with weakened immune systems
- Smokers (harder to clear HPV)
- Starting sexual activity at young age
Potential Complications
- Psychological distress and relationship concerns
- Obstruction during childbirth (rare, if large)
- Recurrence after treatment
- Secondary infection from scratching
- Low-risk HPV types don't cause cancer
How We Diagnose
Genital warts are usually diagnosed by visual examination by an experienced clinician. In uncertain cases, biopsy may be performed. We do not offer HPV typing; high-risk HPV is checked through cervical screening. Comprehensive STI screening is recommended as co-infections are common.
Treatment Options
Treatment options include: topical treatments (podophyllotoxin, imiquimod) applied at home; cryotherapy (freezing) at the clinic; surgical removal or laser treatment for larger warts. Choice depends on wart location, number, and patient preference. Multiple treatment sessions are often needed. The body eventually clears HPV in most people.
Prevention
Frequently Asked Questions
Do genital warts cause cancer?
No. Genital warts are caused by low-risk HPV types (6 and 11) that don't cause cancer. However, you could have co-infection with high-risk HPV types. We do not offer HPV testing, but we can advise on appropriate cervical/anal screening through your GP or NHS programme.
Will genital warts go away on their own?
Sometimes yes - the immune system clears HPV in most people within 2 years, and warts may resolve. However, treatment is usually recommended to remove visible warts faster, reduce transmission risk, and improve quality of life.
Can I have sex if I have genital warts?
HPV is very common and often transmitted before warts appear. Inform your partner, use condoms (partial protection), avoid sex during treatment, and know that most partners will have already been exposed. Long-term partners often share the same HPV types.
Why do my warts keep coming back?
Recurrence is common because treatments remove warts but don't eliminate the virus from surrounding skin. As your immune system controls the virus over time, recurrences typically become less frequent. Smoking cessation and healthy lifestyle support immune clearance.
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Concerned About Genital Warts?
Book a confidential consultation or STI test at our South Kensington clinic. Walk-in appointments available.




