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HIV & AIDS

Early Detection Transforms Outcomes

HIV treatment has transformed what was once a fatal diagnosis into a manageable chronic condition. With modern antiretroviral therapy, people with HIV can live long, healthy lives and cannot pass on the virus to partners. Testing is the essential first step.

What is HIV & AIDS?

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) attacks the immune system's CD4 cells. Without treatment, HIV progresses to AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome). However, early diagnosis and antiretroviral therapy (ART) means people with HIV now have near-normal life expectancy. Crucially, effective treatment makes HIV untransmissible - Undetectable = Untransmittable (U=U). Testing removes uncertainty and opens the door to excellent care.

Symptoms

  • Primary HIV infection (2-4 weeks): flu-like illness, fever, rash, sore throat, swollen glands
  • Many people have no symptoms for years
  • Chronic HIV without treatment: weight loss, recurrent infections, night sweats
  • AIDS-defining conditions: opportunistic infections, certain cancers
  • Early symptoms are easily missed or attributed to other causes

Causes

  • Unprotected vaginal or anal sex with HIV+ person
  • Sharing needles or injection equipment
  • Mother-to-child transmission (without prevention)
  • Occupational exposure (needlestick injuries)
  • Receiving infected blood products (very rare now)
  • Breastfeeding by HIV+ mother (without treatment)
  • HIV cannot be transmitted through kissing, touching, sharing utensils, or casual contact

Who Is at Risk?

  • Anyone sexually active who hasn't been tested
  • People with multiple sexual partners
  • Men who have sex with men
  • People who inject drugs
  • Sexual partners of people with HIV
  • People from high-prevalence regions
  • Sex workers
  • People who have had other STIs
  • Anyone who has had unprotected sex

Potential Complications

  • Without treatment: progressive immune destruction
  • Opportunistic infections (PCP, toxoplasmosis, TB)
  • AIDS-related cancers (Kaposi's sarcoma, lymphoma)
  • HIV-associated dementia
  • Wasting syndrome
  • With treatment: most complications are preventable
  • Cardiovascular and metabolic effects (manageable with monitoring)

How We Diagnose

HIV testing involves either a rapid finger-prick test (results in 20 minutes) or laboratory blood test. Fourth-generation tests detect both HIV antibodies and p24 antigen, enabling earlier detection from 4 weeks post-exposure. We offer confidential testing with full support regardless of result. A reactive result requires confirmatory testing before diagnosis.

Treatment Options

Antiretroviral therapy (ART) involves taking daily medication that suppresses HIV to undetectable levels. Treatment is lifelong but highly effective and generally well-tolerated. Starting treatment early preserves immune function and prevents complications. Undetectable viral load means you cannot transmit HIV sexually (U=U). Regular monitoring ensures treatment effectiveness.

Prevention

Condoms for vaginal and anal sex
PrEP (pre-exposure prophylaxis) for HIV-negative people at risk
PEP (post-exposure prophylaxis) within 72 hours of exposure
Regular testing - know your status
Treatment as prevention - people on effective ART don't transmit
Never share needles or drug equipment
Testing and treatment of pregnant women prevents mother-to-child transmission

Frequently Asked Questions

How soon after exposure can I test for HIV?

Fourth-generation tests (which we use) can detect HIV from 4 weeks (28 days) after exposure with high accuracy. For complete certainty, we recommend testing at 6 weeks and confirming at 12 weeks. If you're experiencing symptoms of acute HIV infection, test immediately as viral load tests may detect infection earlier.

What does Undetectable = Untransmittable mean?

U=U means that people living with HIV who take their medication and have an undetectable viral load (below 200 copies/ml) cannot transmit HIV to sexual partners. This is supported by major studies and endorsed by medical organisations worldwide. It's a game-changer for people living with HIV.

What is PrEP and should I take it?

PrEP (Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis) is medication taken by HIV-negative people to prevent HIV acquisition. It's highly effective (over 99% with consistent use). PrEP may be right for you if you have condomless sex with partners of unknown HIV status. We can discuss whether PrEP is suitable and provide prescriptions.

I think I was exposed to HIV - what should I do?

If you've had a potential HIV exposure within the last 72 hours, you may be eligible for PEP (Post-Exposure Prophylaxis). Time is critical - PEP is most effective when started within 24 hours. Contact us immediately or go to A&E. We can assess your risk and provide PEP if indicated.

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South Kensington Station - 1 min walk (Circle, District, Piccadilly lines)
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